Security Challenges and Air Quality Management in India: Emissions Inventory and Forecasting Estimates

The defense and peace literature have focused mainly on the military-growth nexus, with little attention paid to environmental sustainability agenda, which is impacted by increased global arms transfers. supply of lead-containing ammunition generates complex gas mixtures (including CO2 emissions) particulates that harm healthcare agenda. Based significance subject matter, study uses Indian economy as a case study, significant rate transfers associated higher carbon emissions. analyzed data from more than four decades, 1975 2020. Data imports, military personnel, expenditures are used evaluate ‘ammunition emissions function’. It corresponds three research hypotheses, namely, ‘emissions-defense burden hypothesis’ (arms increase emissions), ‘emissions-cleaner reduce ‘emissions-asymmetric (positive negative shocks either support ‘defense or ‘cleaner hypothesis’). non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) results confirmed ’emissions-defense hypothesis‘ in long run, positive imports However, short while decrease Furthermore, findings supported ’emissions-cleaner relationship between armed forces personnel imply experienced run. Positive spending run; however, vanished when ’emissions-spillover (lowering reduces increases economic productivity) country’s unsustainable activities viewed factor contributing long-term increases. would almost certainly impact As result, ‘treadmill theory destruction’ has been country. concludes lead-free managing safety beneficial